I read and know - the pennies of Zygmunt III Vasa

The value of the penny in the discussed period changed three times. This was associated with the devaluation of the denomination introduced by subsequent mint ordinances. At the beginning of the reign of Sigismund Vasa, pennies were beaten according to the ordinance of Stefan Batory from 1580. They weighed an average of 1.904 GI contained 0.684 g of pure silver.

In the first period (1593-1599), pennies in Olkusz emitted pennies (in the Olkusz Mint, pennies were pressed using a cylindrical machine), Bydgoszcz, Poznań, Wschowa and Lublin (only in the Lublin Mint in the first period next to portrait groszy, inscription pennies, without the image of the monarch). Currently, pennies from this period belong to rare and very rare coins.

In 1604, the resolution of the Warsaw Sejm was raised by a coinfire of pennies, significantly lowering the silver content. In the second period (1603-1616), pennies weighed an average of 1.580 GI contained 0.571 g of pure ore. They were broadcast by Mint in Krakow, Bydgoszcz, Vilnius, Gdańsk and Riga.

Pownica was broadcast in the Krakow Mint in the years 1603-1616. The pressing of 1603 was ahead of the resolution of the Warsaw Sejm from 1604. Until 1605 and incidentally in 1608 grosze were pressed using a cylindrical machine, in other years they were beaten. In the Bydgoszcz Mint, pennies were beaten in 1613 and 1614. Vilnius emissions fall for 1607-1615.

In Gdańsk, pennies were broadcast only in 1614 they were trial coins that did not enter circulation. In catalogs, their rarity is estimated at R8. Samuel Ammon made stamps to them. Penny Riga was beaten in 1616-1617. They had an iconographic pattern characteristic of the one and a half, but the word "major (SUS))" was placed in the Orthodox inscription.

In the third period (1623-1627), the emission of pennies was based on the ordinance from 1623. It assumed an average weight of a penny at 1.045 GI silver content of 0.294 g. Mennicza production of this period was implemented by plants in Bydgoszcz and Krakow (1623-1627), in Vilnius (1625-1627) and Gdańsk and Gdańsk (1623-1627).